Flooding has turn out to be some of the devastating and recurrent pure disasters confronting Ghana, particularly throughout its wet seasons. 12 months after yr, torrential rains rework elements of the nation, notably the capital metropolis, Accra, into zones of misery, the place livelihoods, infrastructure, and lives are tragically misplaced. Regardless of many years of expertise and quite a few warnings from local weather consultants, flooding continues to wreak havoc, highlighting vital gaps in Ghana’s preparedness and resilience methods. Addressing flooding in Ghana is not merely a coverage challenge—it has turn out to be an ethical and financial crucial. Floods not solely result in instant lack of lives and destruction of property but in addition perpetuate a cycle of poverty, disrupt financial progress, and pressure public assets. The shortcoming to adequately handle these flood dangers has far-reaching implications, affecting all the things from public well being and training to enterprise continuity and international funding confidence.
This text seeks to tell and persuade policymakers, authorities officers, and group leaders of the pressing necessity to sort out this important challenge comprehensively. By means of an in depth historic overview of flooding in Accra for the reason that period of Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah, the piece will discover governmental responses and their effectiveness, current an evaluation of the present impacts of flooding, talk about associated pure catastrophe vulnerabilities, and finally suggest a strategic roadmap to construct resilience and preparedness. The aim is evident—to encourage daring and decisive motion from management, knowledgeable by modern options and tailor-made particularly to Ghana’s distinctive geographical, financial, and social realities. Because the frequency and severity of utmost climate occasions proceed to rise globally, Ghana faces a pivotal second during which decisive motion immediately will decide the nation’s resilience tomorrow. The next sections will define the magnitude of the problem and set forth actionable insights to make sure Ghana just isn’t solely ready for the rains forward however emerges stronger, safer, and extra resilient.
1. Historic Context of Flooding in Accra
Flooding in Accra, Ghana’s vibrant capital, has been a persistent problem that has advanced considerably since Ghana gained independence in 1957 beneath the management of Kwame Nkrumah. Traditionally, flooding occasions have been recorded as early because the Nineteen Thirties, however have grown progressively extreme and frequent as a consequence of urbanization, local weather change, and insufficient city planning (Asumadu-Sarkodie et al., 2015). In 1959, Accra confronted certainly one of its earliest vital flooding episodes after independence, prompting early governmental recognition of flooding as a important challenge.
Nonetheless, regardless of these early warnings, substantial infrastructural options have been restricted in scope and effectiveness (Songsore et al., 2014). Subsequently, notable flooding occasions occurred repeatedly, together with extreme episodes in 1968, 1973, 1986, and 1991, every progressively highlighting the rising vulnerability of Accra to excessive climate occasions (Songsore et al., 2014). A very catastrophic occasion occurred on July 4, 1995, when Accra skilled unprecedented rainfall—roughly 258 mm in simply 5 hours, the best recorded rainfall occasion since 1936 (Douglas et al., 2008).
This catastrophe resulted in vital casualties, displacement of 1000’s, and intensive infrastructural injury, illustrating each pure vulnerabilities and deep systemic deficiencies in city planning and governance.
The frequency and depth of flooding continued into the twenty first century, marked notably by extreme occasions in 2001, 2010, and the tragic floods of June 3, 2015. The 2015 floods have been catastrophic, exacerbated by an explosion at a GOIL gasoline station at Kwame Nkrumah Circle, inflicting over 200 fatalities and vital public outrage, demanding pressing authorities motion (Amoako & Inkoom, 2018). This incident grew to become a watershed second, showcasing not solely infrastructural inadequacies but in addition systemic failures in catastrophe preparedness and emergency response coordination. Authorities responses to flooding challenges over the many years have included the creation of companies such because the Nationwide Catastrophe Administration Group (NADMO) in 1996, primarily tasked with catastrophe reduction and coordination.
NADMO, regardless of its essential function, usually operates reactively fairly than proactively, restricted by useful resource constraints, coordination difficulties, and inadequate preventive planning (Amoako, 2016). Infrastructure developments just like the Weija Dam, constructed in 1978 to supply potable water, have been designed with multipurpose capabilities however have inadvertently contributed to flooding issues. Frequent essential spillage from the Weija Dam throughout heavy rains has prompted recurrent flooding downstream, demonstrating complexities and unintended penalties in infrastructural approaches to flood administration (Owusu-Ansah & Braimah, 2013).
Furthermore, flood vulnerability in Ghana has been exacerbated by components resembling fast city growth, poor drainage infrastructure, lack of enforcement of land-use laws, and the proliferation of casual settlements in flood-prone areas. These components, mixed with intensifying rainfall as a consequence of local weather change, underscore the urgency of revising city planning and infrastructure coverage frameworks (Asumadu-Sarkodie et al., 2015).
2. Authorities Actions and Inactions
Successive governments in Ghana have undertaken numerous efforts to handle flooding, notably in Accra; nevertheless, the effectiveness of those insurance policies and initiatives has different considerably, highlighting each notable achievements and significant shortcomings.
2.1 Evaluation of Insurance policies Enacted by Successive Governments
Over the many years, numerous administrations have acknowledged the urgency of flood administration, initiating quite a few insurance policies and initiatives aimed toward mitigating the impacts of flooding. The institution of the Nationwide Catastrophe Administration Group (NADMO) in 1996 represented a major coverage step meant to coordinate catastrophe response nationally (Amoako & Frimpong Boamah, 2015). But, NADMO’s major strategy has remained reactive, emphasizing reduction distribution fairly than proactive catastrophe prevention and preparedness as a consequence of restricted funds allocations and insufficient technical assets (Amoako, 2016).
One other important initiative, the Accra Metropolitan Meeting (AMA) Sanitation Enchancment Challenge, launched in 2006, was aimed toward addressing drainage issues by means of infrastructural upgrades and waste administration enchancment (World Financial institution, 2019). Whereas this initiative initially improved sanitation and drainage in particular areas, the broader, lasting impacts have been restricted as a consequence of inconsistent upkeep and the fast tempo of urbanization outstripping mission scope and assets (World Financial institution, 2019).
2.2 Analysis of Effectiveness in Flood Administration
Regardless of vital investments in flood management infrastructure, the general effectiveness of governmental flood administration efforts stays questionable. For instance, the Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Challenge (KLERP), initiated within the early 2000s, was designed to rehabilitate the closely polluted Korle Lagoon and enhance drainage channels round central Accra. Initially funded with over US$89 million, the mission confronted appreciable setbacks as a consequence of inconsistent funding, mission mismanagement, and protracted encroachment by casual settlements, finally lowering its efficacy (Grant, 2009). Equally, initiatives like the continued Higher Accra Resilient and Built-in Growth (GARID) Challenge, funded with $200 million from the World Financial institution since 2019, characterize formidable makes an attempt to combine city planning, drainage infrastructure, and flood danger administration comprehensively (World Financial institution, 2019). Whereas GARID exhibits promise by addressing important infrastructural wants, the shortage of clear enforcement mechanisms, coupled with weak governance constructions on the native stage, might restrict its potential long-term success (World Financial institution, 2019).
2.3 Case Research of Profitable and Unsuccessful Initiatives
One among Ghana’s comparatively profitable efforts has been the implementation of localized early warning methods, notably following the devastating floods of 2015. These methods have contributed considerably to lowering casualties throughout flood occasions. Neighborhood-based initiatives led by NADMO, involving dissemination of climate alerts by means of native radio stations, cell SMS, and social media, have notably improved group preparedness (Asumadu-Sarkodie et al., 2015). Nonetheless, this success stays localized, with broader nationwide implementation nonetheless essential. In distinction, the federal government’s makes an attempt to handle flooding by means of compelled evictions and relocation of casual settlements in flood-prone areas have been largely unsuccessful and controversial. For instance, compelled evictions round Previous Fadama and different casual settlements, usually labeled as “unlawful,” have led to widespread human rights criticisms and socio-economic disruptions with out considerably lowering long-term flood dangers (Amoako & Inkoom, 2018). Evicted residents regularly return or relocate close by, perpetuating the cycle of vulnerability fairly than addressing root causes resembling insufficient housing insurance policies and concrete poverty.
3. Present State of Flooding and Its Impacts
Flooding continues to considerably influence Ghana, notably in urbanized areas resembling Accra, inflicting extreme socio-economic disruptions yearly. The present state of flooding displays each elevated frequency and depth as a consequence of local weather change and continued vulnerability stemming from fast city growth and insufficient infrastructure.
3.1 Statistical Evaluation of Latest Flooding Occasions
Latest information display a troubling upward pattern in flooding frequency and severity throughout Ghana. Between 1991 and 2018, Accra skilled a notable enhance in flooding occasions, with extreme occurrences almost doubling inside the final decade alone (World Financial institution, 2019). A very devastating occasion in June 2015 resulted in over 200 fatalities, displacement of 1000’s, and financial losses estimated at roughly USD 55 million (Amoako & Inkoom, 2018). Equally, the floods of June 2020 severely impacted over 10,000 folks, with intensive property injury highlighting persistent infrastructure deficits (United Nations Workplace for Catastrophe Danger Discount [UNDRR], 2020). In response to the Ghana Meteorological Company, Accra now averages roughly 810 mm of annual rainfall, with a marked focus of heavy rains inside shorter durations, considerably exacerbating flood danger as a result of metropolis’s restricted drainage capability (Ghana Meteorological Company [GMet], 2021). Satellite tv for pc imagery evaluation from Google Earth has illustrated city sprawl and lowered pure water retention areas, additional aggravating flood impacts.
3.2 Socioeconomic Impacts on Communities, Infrastructure, and Economic system
Flooding in Ghana extends far past instant bodily damages—it impacts almost each dimension of social and financial life. Repeated flooding disproportionately impacts poorer communities, particularly casual settlements in flood-prone areas resembling Previous Fadama, Alajo, and Odawna. These populations endure frequent displacement, lack of houses, and deterioration of livelihoods. Flood-induced displacement additionally exacerbates vulnerability to well being dangers resembling cholera, malaria, and different waterborne ailments (World Well being Group [WHO], 2022).
Floodwaters commonly overwhelm drainage methods, roads, bridges, and different important infrastructure. The Ghanaian Ministry of Roads and Highways estimated that flood injury repairs value the nation almost USD 168 million yearly, diverting important funds from different developmental priorities (World Financial institution, 2021). Moreover, flooding disrupts transportation, hinders emergency response capabilities, and negatively impacts financial productiveness. Flood-related disruptions severely have an effect on native companies and markets. As an example, flooding in Accra regularly disrupts operations in key industrial hubs, together with Makola Market, Kaneshie Market, and Tema Industrial Space, resulting in vital income losses. A World Financial institution evaluation reported that city flooding reduces Ghana’s annual GDP by roughly 0.5% to 1.0%, a considerable financial pressure for an rising economic system (World Financial institution, 2019). Flooding additionally negatively impacts academic attainment. Faculties regularly shut throughout flooding, notably in low-lying areas. A latest evaluation by the Ghana Training Service revealed that flooding yearly interrupts academic continuity for greater than 25,000 college students in Higher Accra alone (Ghana Training Service [GES], 2022).
4. Pure Disasters in Ghana: Earthquakes and Extra
Whereas flooding stays essentially the most frequent pure catastrophe in Ghana, it’s not the one risk to the nation’s socio-economic stability. Ghana’s geographic positioning additionally exposes it to seismic actions, droughts, coastal erosion, and landslides, which compound the dangers related to flooding, particularly in quickly urbanizing areas like Accra.
4.1 Evaluation of Ghana’s Vulnerability to Earthquakes and Different Pure Disasters
Though Ghana just isn’t historically thought of a high-risk seismic area in comparison with locations like Japan or Indonesia, historic information reveals that Ghana has skilled vital earthquakes. Accra, particularly, lies inside the southeastern seismic zone, making it weak to tremors (Amponsah et al., 2012). The nation has recorded notable seismic occasions, together with the harmful earthquake of 1939, which measured roughly 6.5 on the Richter scale, leading to 17 deaths, over 130 accidents, and substantial infrastructural injury throughout Accra and surrounding cities (Amponsah et al., 2012). Latest seismic exercise underscores ongoing vulnerabilities. As an example, minor tremors measuring round 4.2 and three.8 magnitudes occurred in Accra in December 2018 and June 2020, respectively, elevating issues about Ghana’s preparedness for probably extra devastating earthquakes (Ghana Geological Survey Authority [GGSA], 2021).
Ghana’s lack of complete seismic constructing laws and inadequate catastrophe preparedness methods exacerbates these vulnerabilities, rising potential human and financial losses from future seismic occasions. Past earthquakes, Ghana experiences vital drought occasions, notably in northern areas, resulting in frequent agricultural disruptions and meals insecurity. In response to the World Financial institution, Ghana’s northern areas endure drought situations roughly as soon as each 5 years, severely impacting livelihoods and exacerbating poverty in already weak communities (World Financial institution, 2020). Coastal erosion additionally poses a considerable risk, notably alongside Ghana’s shoreline, together with areas resembling Ada, Keta, and Elmina. Coastal erosion charges common between 1.5 and a pair of meters per yr, ensuing within the displacement of coastal communities, destruction of ecosystems, and lack of financial actions like fishing and tourism (Boateng, 2012).
4.2 Comparability with Different International locations Dealing with Related Challenges
When put next with different international locations experiencing comparable multi-hazard vulnerabilities, Ghana can study helpful classes. As an example, international locations resembling Indonesia and Japan have developed refined multi-hazard early warning methods integrating seismic exercise detection with flood and tsunami warnings. These methods considerably cut back casualties by offering well timed evacuation notices (UNDRR, 2021). Equally, South Africa, which faces each flooding and droughts, has invested closely in built-in water useful resource administration (IWRM) methods and superior GIS-based vulnerability mapping. These initiatives have improved South Africa’s resilience in opposition to floods and drought-induced water shortage, which might function exemplary fashions for Ghana (World Financial institution, 2020). The Netherlands, famend for its flood danger administration, employs superior coastal protection mechanisms together with dykes, floodgates, and complex water administration know-how, considerably lowering vulnerability to flooding regardless of a lot of the nation mendacity beneath sea stage. Ghana can adapt and tailor these worldwide finest practices to its native context to higher handle its pure catastrophe dangers.
5. The Want for Daring Selections
Given the persistent and intensifying nature of flooding in Ghana, there’s an pressing necessity for daring, decisive, and modern motion from the nation’s management. Policymakers should acknowledge that incremental changes and reactionary measures will not suffice to mitigate the substantial dangers flooding presents. Rapid transformative methods, knowledgeable by international finest practices and tailored to native realities, are important to securing Ghana’s socio-economic future.
5.1 Argument for Rapid and Decisive Motion
The case for swift and daring motion is evident. Ghana’s repeated flooding disasters not solely mirror environmental and climatic components but in addition deep-rooted systemic governance failures, insufficient infrastructure, and poor enforcement of city planning laws (Amoako, 2018). Every flood occasion serves as a stark reminder that the price of inaction considerably outweighs the price of strategic investments in complete flood danger administration. In response to the World Financial institution (2021), floods at present value Ghana roughly USD 200 million yearly, together with infrastructural repairs, enterprise disruptions, healthcare bills, and reduction efforts.
With out instant intervention, this determine is projected to rise exponentially as local weather patterns intensify, additional compromising the nation’s financial stability and developmental targets. Daring coverage choices immediately, supported by clear management and coordination amongst authorities companies, the personal sector, and native communities, have the potential to considerably cut back these recurring prices. In contrast, continued inaction or fragmented responses danger exacerbating social inequities, prolonging financial disruptions, and worsening infrastructural deterioration, making future options considerably costlier and extra complicated.
5.2 Dialogue of Modern Options and Finest Practices from Across the World
To construct flood resilience successfully, Ghana can draw on modern international options tailor-made to its distinctive challenges:
1. Built-in City Flood Administration (IUFM)
Cities resembling Singapore and Amsterdam have successfully managed flooding by means of built-in approaches combining city planning, water administration infrastructure, inexperienced areas, and regulatory frameworks. Singapore’s Energetic, Stunning, Clear Waters (ABC Waters) program, for example, incorporates pure water administration methods, creating city landscapes that act as flood buffers and leisure areas concurrently (PUB Singapore, 2020). Implementing an identical strategy in Accra might considerably mitigate flooding impacts whereas bettering city livability.
2. Neighborhood-Based mostly Early Warning Techniques
In Bangladesh, efficient community-driven early warning methods have considerably lowered flood-related fatalities. Using cell know-how, native networks, and real-time climate information dissemination has enabled communities to proactively handle flood dangers (UNDP, 2021). Strengthening Ghana’s current community-based methods, enhancing them with cell know-how and social media, might considerably enhance preparedness and responsiveness throughout flood occasions.
3. Inexperienced Infrastructure and Nature-Based mostly Options
International locations just like the Netherlands and China have more and more adopted inexperienced infrastructure options, together with constructed wetlands, permeable pavements, rain gardens, and concrete forests, dramatically lowering city runoff and bettering water high quality (World Assets Institute [WRI], 2019). Adopting comparable nature-based options in Ghana, particularly inside quickly increasing city facilities like Accra, would mitigate flood dangers whereas concurrently offering ecological and leisure advantages.
4. Superior Flood Danger Modeling and GIS Know-how
Superior flood danger evaluation fashions and Geographic Info Techniques (GIS) know-how have enabled cities like Durban (South Africa) and Mumbai (India) to establish vulnerabilities exactly, plan infrastructure successfully, and allocate assets strategically (World Financial institution, 2020). Making use of these applied sciences systematically throughout Ghana’s city areas would drastically improve flood preparedness and administration capabilities.
Daring choices require visionary management. The Ghanaian authorities should transfer past fragmented interventions and undertake complete, proactive insurance policies centered on long-term resilience. This shift calls for coordinated actions amongst policymakers, city planners, environmental companies, and native communities. Public-private partnerships (PPPs), worldwide collaborations, and the mobilization of monetary assets from local weather adaptation funds are essential parts in translating daring concepts into tangible outcomes. Furthermore, political management should prioritize accountability, transparency, and evidence-based policymaking to make sure long-term success and public belief in these efforts.
6. Roadmap for a Holistic Method to Flood Administration
6.1 Built-in Flood Danger Administration Framework
Addressing Ghana’s flooding disaster requires the adoption of an Built-in Flood Danger Administration (IFRM) framework. Such an strategy strikes past short-term reduction efforts and emphasizes complete planning, infrastructure improvement, group resilience, and coverage reform. Ghana’s nationwide and native governments should collaboratively set up clear, coordinated institutional frameworks to streamline flood administration actions, making certain efficient useful resource utilization and long-term sustainability (World Financial institution, 2021). This entails clearly defining roles and duties throughout nationwide, regional, and native establishments to keep away from duplication and promote cohesive motion.
6.2 Enhancement of City Planning and Regulatory Enforcement
Vital to sustainable flood administration is the pressing enhancement of city planning and enforcement of constructing and zoning laws. Accra and different quickly urbanizing cities should revisit and strictly implement city planning insurance policies that prohibit improvement in flood-prone areas. Such enforcement needs to be complemented by substantial investments in upgraded drainage and sanitation infrastructure. Adopting profitable international examples, resembling Singapore’s built-in land-use planning mannequin, can considerably cut back vulnerability by making certain city progress aligns with efficient flood mitigation methods (PUB Singapore, 2020).
6.3 Nature-Based mostly Options and Inexperienced Infrastructure
Ghana ought to leverage nature-based options and inexperienced infrastructure as key parts of its flood administration technique. Options resembling city wetlands, restored mangroves, permeable pavements, rain gardens, and inexperienced roofs present vital advantages by lowering stormwater runoff, enhancing biodiversity, and bettering city air high quality. Internationally, cities resembling Rotterdam within the Netherlands have efficiently utilized inexperienced infrastructure to handle floods sustainably, leading to enhanced city resilience and high quality of life (World Assets Institute [WRI], 2019). By integrating comparable initiatives into city planning, Ghana can considerably lower flood danger whereas concurrently bettering environmental well being and concrete aesthetics.
6.4 Superior Technological Integration and Knowledge-Pushed Determination Making
The applying of superior applied sciences, together with Geographic Info Techniques (GIS), distant sensing, and predictive flood modeling, will considerably improve Ghana’s flood preparedness and response. These applied sciences enable exact identification of flood-prone zones, environment friendly monitoring of infrastructure situations, and efficient real-time emergency response administration. As an example, Durban in South Africa and Mumbai in India have successfully employed GIS applied sciences for flood danger mapping and catastrophe preparedness, leading to lowered vulnerability and enhanced emergency response effectivity (World Financial institution, 2020). Ghana’s investments in such technological capabilities would considerably enhance preparedness, response capability, and useful resource allocation effectiveness throughout flood occasions.
6.5 Strengthening Neighborhood Participation and Capability Constructing
An efficient flood administration technique should actively contain native communities, fostering their participation and enhancing their capability to answer disasters. Neighborhood-based catastrophe administration coaching applications, supported by sturdy early warning methods, empower communities to take proactive steps in lowering their vulnerability to floods. International locations resembling Bangladesh have efficiently applied community-led flood preparedness initiatives, considerably lowering casualties and financial losses (United Nations Growth Programme [UNDP], 2021). Ghana can replicate this success by prioritizing community-level preparedness coaching, training campaigns, and decentralized response methods that enable communities to behave swiftly and successfully in emergencies.
6.6 Sustainable Financing and Public-Non-public Partnerships
Sustainable financing mechanisms are essential to making sure steady funding in flood danger administration infrastructure and upkeep. The Ghanaian authorities ought to discover modern financing fashions, together with leveraging local weather finance mechanisms, worldwide adaptation funds, and public-private partnerships (PPPs). PPPs, specifically, current a helpful alternative by mobilizing private-sector effectivity and innovation in infrastructure improvement and administration. Profitable examples from international cities display that successfully structured PPPs can ship resilient infrastructure whereas minimizing fiscal burdens on authorities budgets (World Financial institution, 2021). Ghana’s policymakers should proactively foster an enabling setting for these collaborations by means of clear laws, incentives, and accountability frameworks.
6.7 Monitoring, Analysis, and Steady Enchancment
Lastly, establishing a sturdy monitoring and analysis (M&E) system is crucial to make sure the continual enchancment and effectiveness of flood administration interventions. Common assessments of infrastructure initiatives, coverage implementations, and group applications needs to be mandated to measure outcomes in opposition to clearly outlined resilience indicators. Classes realized by means of these evaluations can inform adaptive methods and coverage changes, making certain ongoing effectiveness in managing evolving flood dangers. International locations with exemplary catastrophe danger administration practices, resembling Japan, repeatedly assessment and refine their flood administration insurance policies, infrastructure designs, and emergency preparedness procedures, serving as helpful fashions for Ghana (United Nations Workplace for Catastrophe Danger Discount [UNDRR], 2021).
7. Conclusion
The persistent and intensifying flooding crises in Ghana demand instant, complete, and decisive motion from policymakers, authorities officers, and group leaders. The historic patterns of flooding in Accra, from the period of Kwame Nkrumah to up to date occasions, illustrate the results of decades-long neglect and insufficient responses. Regardless of numerous governmental initiatives, such because the institution of the Nationwide Catastrophe Administration Group (NADMO) and a number of other infrastructural initiatives, the present flooding challenges underline systemic shortcomings in planning, coordination, and execution of efficient catastrophe danger administration methods. In the present day, the socio-economic prices of flooding—lack of lives, financial disruptions, infrastructure injury, and diminished group well-being—are more and more unsustainable. These impacts compound vulnerabilities to different pure disasters resembling earthquakes, droughts, and coastal erosion, additional complicating the nation’s resilience panorama. Ghana can’t afford continued incremental or reactive approaches. As a substitute, daring, modern, and proactive options tailor-made particularly to the nation’s distinctive challenges have to be applied immediately.
The excellent roadmap outlined on this article supplies Ghana with a transparent technique to transition towards resilient flood administration. This entails adopting an built-in framework that prioritizes sustainable city planning, sturdy infrastructure improvement, inexperienced and nature-based options, superior technological integration, and lively group participation. By committing to sustainable financing mechanisms and fostering significant public-private partnerships, Ghana can sustainably finance and successfully implement these important initiatives.
Finally, the accountability rests with Ghana’s leaders and decision-makers to prioritize and put money into long-term resilience methods. Motion taken immediately won’t solely save lives and defend property but in addition considerably strengthen Ghana’s socio-economic stability and environmental sustainability. The price of decisive motion now’s far outweighed by the advantages of a safer, extra resilient, and affluent future for Ghanaian communities.
The rains will inevitably come, however Ghana’s preparedness and resilience are a matter of selection. Policymakers, authorities officers, and group leaders should now seize this chance to display visionary management, sturdy dedication, and collective resolve. It’s time to rework Ghana’s recurring flood crises into alternatives for progress, sustainability, and resilience, making certain the nation emerges stronger from every wet season. This text serves as an pressing attraction for collective motion. Policymakers and authorities leaders should instantly implement the strategic suggestions detailed right here, actively interact communities, and foster sustainable partnerships for catastrophe resilience. The trail ahead is evident, and the stakes are excessive. Ghana’s resilience within the face of floods hinges upon choices made immediately—let these choices mirror the daring, modern spirit that defines Ghana’s potential for lasting change and prosperity.
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Dr David King Boison, a maritime and port skilled, AI Marketing consultant and Senior Fellow CIMAG. He will be contacted through electronic mail at kingdavboison@gmail.com
Albert Derrick Fiatui, is the Government Director on the Centre for Worldwide Maritime Affairs, Ghana (CIMAG), an Advocacy, Analysis and Operational Coverage Suppose-Tank, with give attention to the Maritime Trade (Blue Economic system) and common Ocean Governance. He’s a Maritime Coverage and Ocean Governance Skilled
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